Erton M, Ilker Y
Department of Urology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
Int Urol Nephrol. 1996;28(1):33-42. doi: 10.1007/BF02550135.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a high-grade and aggressive manifestation of transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder that has a highly variable course. The treatment of CIS has undergone dramatic changes since this malignancy was first recognized. While cystectomy was once recommended as the initial treatment of choice, recognition of the highly variable prognosis and the uniformly high response rate to intravesical BCG has prompted a more conservative approach to management. Patients who fail BCG immunotherapy without evidence of progression may yet be candidates for intravesical chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, or alternative immunotherapies such as alpha-2b interferon, bromopirimine, or keyhole limpet haemocyanin.
原位癌（CIS）是膀胱移行细胞癌的一种高级别侵袭性表现，其病程高度可变。自这种恶性肿瘤首次被认识以来，CIS的治疗发生了巨大变化。虽然膀胱切除术曾被推荐为首选的初始治疗方法，但认识到其预后高度可变以及对膀胱内卡介苗（BCG）的一致高反应率促使人们采取更保守的管理方法。BCG免疫治疗失败且无进展证据的患者仍可能是膀胱内化疗、光动力疗法或替代免疫疗法（如α-2b干扰素、溴匹立明或钥孔戚血蓝蛋白）的候选者。
