Presence of nitric oxide synthase in the sheep pineal gland: an experimental immunohistochemical study.

By use of immunohistochemistry, a dense network of nerve fibres immunoreactive to the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS, subtype I) was demonstrated in the pineal gland of sheep. The NOS-immunoreactive fibres were located in the pineal capsule and the connective tissue septae of the gland, but fibres were also present intraparenchymally between the pinealocytes. NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres were still present in the gland 1 month after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia. By use of an antibody directed against endothelial NOS (subtype III), only pineal blood vessels were stained. This staining was still present in the ganglionectomized animals. No difference was found in the staining between the control animals and the ganglionectomized ones. The pinealocytes were not stained, neither by the antibody against neuronal NOS nor by the antibody against endothelial NOS. By use of double immunohistochemical stainings, NOS was in many nerve fibres colocalized with vasoactive intestinal peptide. Western blot analysis of supernatant fractions of sheep pineal homogenates showed the presence of a band corresponding to the neuronal NOS. Thus, the present data show a prominent innervation of the sheep pineal gland with NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres with their origin outside the sympathetic nervous system, indicating an influence of NO on the pinealocyte metabolism from non-sympathetic nerve fibres in this species. The presence of NOS in both perivascular nerve fibres and the endothelium of the blood vessels of the gland suggests a role of NO in the regulation of the circulation of the sheep pineal gland.