Taylor P D, Frank S A
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, OT.
J Theor Biol. 1996 May 7;180(1):27-37. doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1996.0075.
Kin selection arguments, based on Hamilton's (1964) concept of inclusive fitness, provide a powerful heuristic and can therefore give us valuable insights into the different pathways through which natural selection acts. But their formulation can be quite tricky, requiring as they do, a close accounting of all the fitness effects of a particular item of behaviour. Here we propose a "direct fitness" formulation of inclusive fitness which often has a more straightforward derivation. Our method finds ESS trait values by the standard optimization techniques of simple differentiation plus two additional steps. First, slopes of group phenotype on individual genotype arise naturally during differentiation, and these slopes are replaced by coefficients of relatedness. Second, when behaviours influence different classes such as age, sex of recipient, or other life history components of fitness, the fitness effects on each component are weighted by reproductive value. We illustrate this technique first in a homogeneous population, with examples of group competition and partial dispersal behaviour, and then in a class-structured population, with examples of sex allocation and altruism between age classes.
基于汉密尔顿（1964年）广义适合度概念的亲缘选择论点提供了一种强大的启发式方法，因此能让我们深入了解自然选择发挥作用的不同途径。但其表述可能相当棘手，因为需要仔细考量特定行为项目的所有适合度效应。在此，我们提出一种广义适合度的“直接适合度”表述方式，其推导通常更为直接。我们的方法通过简单微分的标准优化技术以及另外两个步骤来找到ESS性状值。首先，在微分过程中，群体表型对个体基因型的斜率会自然出现，这些斜率会被亲缘系数所取代。其次，当行为影响不同类别，如接受者的年龄、性别或适合度的其他生活史组成部分时，对每个组成部分的适合度效应会通过繁殖价值进行加权。我们首先在同质群体中举例说明这种技术，包括群体竞争和部分扩散行为的例子，然后在阶层结构群体中举例说明，包括性别分配和不同年龄阶层之间利他行为的例子。
