Pellis S M, McKenna M M, Field E F, Pellis V C, Prusky G T, Whishaw I Q
Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
Physiol Behav. 1996 Apr-May;59(4-5):905-13. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02162-0.
Enucleated juvenile rats were compared to sighted juveniles, and tested over six trials. In some of these trials, the vibrissae were clipped and the test chamber was flooded with white noise. Even though the enucleated rats played, they did so in an atypical manner. They tended to initiate more playful and other social contacts, and were more likely to defend themselves if contacted. When they did defend themselves, they adopted behavior patterns that were more likely to evade the partner's attack. In addition, the enucleated rats were hypersensitive to the partner, being more likely to respond defensively when contacted further from the nape (the main play target). All these changes in play fighting by nonsighted rats suggest that the loss of vision leads to motivational changes in activity and reactivity, and so has an indirect effect on play behavior. In addition, direct evidence is also provided to show that vision is used to orient attacks to the nape. When the vibrissae were closely clipped, the sighted rats continued to make direct attacks on the partner's napes, whereas the nonsighted rats did not. Rather, they first contacted some other part of the partner's body and then oriented to the nape. Another test paradigm was used to determine whether vision is used to trigger defensive responses. The rats were partially food deprived as adults and were filmed in a food wrenching and dodging situation where one rat was given a food pellet and the other allowed to steal it. Measurement of the distance at initiation of the lateral swerve away from the approaching partner (i.e., dodge) showed that when the vibrissae are clipped, the sighted rats continued to initiate dodges at the same distance, whereas the nonsighted rats could not. Therefore, vision appears to have an active role in organizing movement sequences of attack and defense in play fighting and other close-quarter interactions.
将摘除眼球的幼年大鼠与视力正常的幼年大鼠进行比较，并在六项试验中进行测试。在其中一些试验中，将触须剪掉，并在测试箱中充斥白噪音。尽管摘除眼球的大鼠会玩耍，但它们的玩耍方式并不典型。它们往往会发起更多的玩耍和其他社交接触，如果被触碰，更有可能进行自我防御。当它们进行自我防御时，会采用更有可能躲避同伴攻击的行为模式。此外，摘除眼球的大鼠对同伴高度敏感，当从颈部后方（主要玩耍目标）更远的地方被触碰时，更有可能做出防御反应。无视力大鼠在玩耍打斗中的所有这些变化表明，视力丧失会导致活动和反应的动机变化，从而对玩耍行为产生间接影响。此外，还提供了直接证据表明，视力被用于将攻击导向颈部后方。当触须被剪得很短时，视力正常的大鼠继续直接攻击同伴的颈部，而无视力的大鼠则不会。相反，它们首先触碰同伴身体的其他部位，然后再转向颈部。使用另一种测试范式来确定视力是否用于触发防御反应。这些大鼠成年后部分食物受限，并在一种食物抢夺和躲避的情境中拍摄，其中一只大鼠被给予一粒食物丸，另一只大鼠可以去偷。测量从接近的同伴处开始横向闪避（即躲避）的距离表明，当触须被剪掉时，视力正常的大鼠继续在相同距离开始躲避，而无视力的大鼠则无法做到。因此，视力似乎在组织玩耍打斗和其他近距离互动中的攻击和防御动作序列方面发挥着积极作用。
