Zimmerman M A, Ramirez-Valles J, Washienko K M, Walter B, Dyer S
Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA.
Am J Community Psychol. 1996 Apr;24(2):295-310. doi: 10.1007/BF02510403.
Enculturation is the process by which individuals learn about and identify with their ethnic minority culture. It is distinguished from acculturation which refers to the process by which an ethnic minority individual is assimilated into the majority culture. Three studies with Native American youths are reported that describe the development of a measure of enculturation for Native American youths. Development of a measure of enculturation provides a foundation upon which to build a body of literature that focuses on strengths in a youth's life rather than on deficits. Results of the first study (n = 120), a confirmatory factor analysis, indicated that cultural affinity, native American identity, and family involvement in traditional activities adequately represent the construct of ecnulturation. The study also provides some convergent validity for this interpretation. The second study examines factor invariance for enculturation among youths with data from over 2 years (n = 69). The factor structure was similar across time. The third study replicates the factor structure and validity analyses with a new sample (n = 42). Usefulness of the measure for assessing protective factors and stressing ethnicity over simple assessment of race categories is discussed.
文化适应是个体了解并认同其少数民族文化的过程。它与文化同化不同，文化同化指的是少数民族个体融入主流文化的过程。本文报告了三项针对美国原住民青年的研究，这些研究描述了一种针对美国原住民青年的文化适应测量方法的开发过程。文化适应测量方法的开发为构建一系列关注青少年生活中的优势而非不足的文献奠定了基础。第一项研究（n = 120）的结果是验证性因素分析，表明文化亲和力、美国原住民身份认同以及家庭参与传统活动能够充分代表文化适应的概念。该研究还为这一解释提供了一些聚合效度。第二项研究使用超过两年的数据（n = 69）检验了青少年文化适应的因素不变性。不同时间的因素结构相似。第三项研究用新样本（n = 42）重复了因素结构和效度分析。本文还讨论了该测量方法在评估保护因素以及强调种族而非简单评估种族类别方面的有用性。
