The rectal complex in the larvae of lepidoptera.

In the so-called "cryptonephric" condition of the excretory system in insects the distal ends of the Malpighian tubules are closely applied to the rectum and enclosed with it in a special chamber, the perinephric space, separated from the rest of the body cavity by the perinephric membrane. The term "rectal complex" refers to this association of tubules and rectum, which is found in the larvae (but not in the adults) of most Lepidoptera. In the mealworm (Coleoptera) the rectal complex has notable ability to remove water from the faeces, but this ability is not conspicuously developed in the larvae of the two species of Lepidoptera here studied: Pieris brassicae and Manduca sexta. On the other hand these larvae have notable ability to maintain salt balance under heavy dietary loading, and in this the rectal complex plays an important part. A study of salt balance in more detail has shown that more sodium can be eliminated in the faeces than enters the rectal complex from the intestine. Consideration of other possible routes of entry points strongly to the Malpighian tubules. Superimposed upon a new flow of tubule fluid out of the rectal complex there is a tidal flow, brought about by the rectal musculature and amplified by dilatations of the cryptonephric tubules, which could bring in fluid from the free tubules and afford opportunity for the uptake of salts. Evidence is presented in support of this view. This tidal flow of tubule fluid and uptake of salts could be the basis of the build-up of high osmolarity in the perinephric fluid and could contribute to the removal of water from the faeces. It could also be the basic mechanism in the mealworm, the leptophragmal mechanism being superimposed upon it.