Ozasa K, Higashi A, Watanabe Y, Shimouchi A, Hayashi K, Hatta H, Morita M, Fukumoto M, Masumoto T, Oonishi S
Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine.
Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 1995 Dec;42(12):1029-41.
Various kinds of preventive health behaviors are promoted by health education. The extent of behavioral modification achieved, however, obviously differs from individual to individual according to habits, one of the reasons being the characteristics of various health habits are perceived differently. This cross-sectional study examined the association of indices representing health behavior models with smoking, drinking, dietary habits, and physical exercise. The indices and their meaning were as follows; health locus of control (HLC) and saliency of health are thought to cause the most active behavioral change, health norm relatively passive change, and vulnerability to illness the most passive change. The indices and lifestyle (health related practices) were surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire in a rural town in March 1994. The study sample consisted of 1,010 males and 1,055 females aged 20 years or older who responded to all questions related to the indices. Results are as follows: 1) Smoking and alcohol drinking were associated with vulnerability to illness, suggesting that people who quit smoking or alcohol drinking do so because of perception of their association with illness. Alcohol drinking seemed to have a higher magnitude of being associated with becoming ill or with fear of illness than smoking. 2) Consuming green-yellow vegetables and fresh fish, and physical fitness were associated with internal HLC, saliency of health, and health norm. These habits appeared to be easy to modify by active personal behavior choice. 3) Consuming milk, yogurt, boiled beans, tofu, oranges, and other fruits were associated with saliency of health. These habits seemed to relate to personal sense of being "healthy". 4) It seemed that younger people more likely changed their behavior by active self-management, while, older people changed due to their sense of value or norm. While it is important for health education to promote "self-management of health" by active behavioral change, certain habits are more resistant to change despite educational efforts possibly because of their characteristics in health behavioral models. For cases such as these, techniques promoting passive behavioral change should be considered.
健康教育促进了各种预防性健康行为。然而，根据习惯不同，行为改变的程度在个体之间明显存在差异，原因之一是对各种健康习惯特征的认知不同。这项横断面研究调查了代表健康行为模式的指标与吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯和体育锻炼之间的关联。这些指标及其含义如下：健康控制点（HLC）和健康显著性被认为会导致最积极的行为改变，健康规范导致相对被动的改变，而患病易感性导致最被动的改变。1994年3月，通过一份自填式问卷对这些指标和生活方式（与健康相关的行为）进行了调查。研究样本包括1010名男性和1055名20岁及以上的女性，他们回答了所有与这些指标相关的问题。结果如下：1）吸烟和饮酒与患病易感性相关，这表明戒烟或戒酒的人是因为意识到它们与疾病有关才这样做的。饮酒似乎比吸烟与患病或对疾病的恐惧有更强的关联。2）食用黄绿色蔬菜和新鲜鱼类以及身体健康与内在的HLC、健康显著性和健康规范相关。这些习惯似乎很容易通过积极的个人行为选择来改变。3）食用牛奶、酸奶、煮豆、豆腐、橙子和其他水果与健康显著性相关。这些习惯似乎与个人的“健康”感有关。4）似乎年轻人更有可能通过积极的自我管理来改变行为，而老年人则因价值感或规范而改变。虽然通过积极的行为改变来促进“健康自我管理”对健康教育很重要，但某些习惯尽管经过教育努力仍更难改变，这可能是因为它们在健康行为模式中的特征。对于此类情况，应考虑促进被动行为改变的技巧。
