Freitag-Koontz M J
J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 1996 Sep;10(2):40-55. doi: 10.1097/00005237-199609000-00005.
Hepatitis B (HBV) infection is readily transmitted from infected mothers to their infants at birth. An estimated 22,000 HBV carriers give birth in the United States annually. HBV infection is more than 95% preventable if exposed infants receive hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV vaccine at birth. Current guidelines recommend testing of all pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen to detect infection and ensure prophylaxis of infants. The risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C (HCV) infection appears to be small, except in women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus or with high viral titers. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine against HCV, although several are in development. Postexposure treatment with immunoglobulin is of no proven benefit in preventing HCV infection.
乙肝（HBV）感染很容易在分娩时从受感染的母亲传播给其婴儿。在美国，估计每年有22000名乙肝携带者分娩。如果接触到乙肝病毒的婴儿在出生时接种乙肝免疫球蛋白和乙肝疫苗，乙肝感染的预防率超过95%。目前的指南建议对所有孕妇进行乙肝表面抗原检测，以检测感染情况并确保对婴儿进行预防。丙型肝炎（HCV）感染的围产期传播风险似乎较小，但感染人类免疫缺陷病毒或病毒载量高的女性除外。目前，尚无针对丙肝的许可疫苗，不过有几种正在研发中。接触后用免疫球蛋白治疗在预防丙肝感染方面尚未证实有好处。
