Schotland H M, Insko E K, Panckeri K A, Leigh J S, Pack A I, Hendricks J C
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Sep;81(3):1339-46. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.3.1339.
Electromyographic studies of patients with sleep apnea and of the English bulldog, an animal model of sleep apnea, indicate that there is increase activity of the airways dilator muscles. The muscles, when biopsied, show both adaptation and muscle injury. In this study we have utilized quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to characterize changes in the upper airway musculature of the bulldog in vivo. The imaging procedure utilized provided a quantitative measurement of the T2 relaxation times of airway muscle (geniohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyropharyngeus, and hyopharyngeus) and nonairway muscles spatially localized to submillimeter-resolution levels. Quantitative differences between the medians and distributions of T2 relaxation times of airway vs. nonairway muscles were demonstrated. These differences were related to the degree of sleep-disordered breathing. The changes observed are compatible with the hypothesis that there is both increased edema and fibrosis in upper airway muscle in sleep apnea.
