Povinelli D J, Landau K R, Perilloux H K
Laboratory of Comparative Behavioral Biology, USL-New Iberia Research Center 70560, USA.
Child Dev. 1996 Aug;67(4):1540-54.
The ability of young children to recognize themselves in delayed videotapes and recent photographs was investigated using a delayed analog of the mirror mark test, as well as verbal reports. In Experiment 1, 42 2-4-year-old children were videotaped while playing an unusual game. During the game an experimenter covertly placed a large sticker on the child's head. The videotape was played back 3 min later to the children. Older, but not younger, children reached up to remove the sticker when the tape revealed it being placed on their heads. In Experiment 2, a similar procedure was used with 60 3- and 4-year-olds where Polaroid photographs were taken during and after the act of the sticker being placed on the child's head. When allowed to look at the photographs, young 3-year-olds did not reach up to search for the sticker, whereas older 3- and 4-year-olds did. Almost all of the children who did not appear to realize that there was a sticker on their head from the information provided by the photographs did provide a correct verbal label for the image, and reached up to remove the sticker when presented with a mirror. Experiment 3 compared the reaction of 48 2 1/2-3 1/2-year-olds to live versus delayed video feedback and indicated an effect of the temporal aspect of the stimulus. The results are discussed in the context of the different forms of self-conception that may underwrite the 2 manifestations of self-recognition.
运用镜像标记测试的延迟模拟方法以及口头报告，对幼儿在延迟录像带和近期照片中识别自己的能力进行了研究。在实验1中，42名2至4岁的儿童在玩一个不寻常的游戏时被录像。在游戏过程中，一名实验者悄悄在孩子头上贴了一张大贴纸。3分钟后，录像带播放给孩子们看。年龄较大的孩子（而非年龄较小的孩子）在录像显示贴纸贴在他们头上时，会伸手去拿掉贴纸。在实验2中，对60名3岁和4岁的儿童采用了类似的程序，在往孩子头上贴贴纸的过程中和之后拍摄宝丽来照片。当允许孩子们看照片时，3岁的幼儿没有伸手去寻找贴纸，而3岁和4岁的大一些的孩子会这么做。几乎所有从照片提供的信息中似乎没有意识到自己头上有贴纸的孩子，在面对镜子时都能正确说出图像的名称，并伸手去拿掉贴纸。实验3比较了48名2.5至3.5岁儿童对实时与延迟视频反馈的反应，并表明了刺激的时间因素的影响。研究结果在可能支持自我识别两种表现形式的不同自我概念形式的背景下进行了讨论。
