Anderson J R
Dev Psychobiol. 1984 Jan;17(1):35-49. doi: 10.1002/dev.420170104.
The development of self-recognition has been studied mainly by examining infants' responses to their reflections in mirrors. The definitive test is whether or not the infant is capable of using the reflection to notice and respond to a mark on the face or head by touching the mark. The mark should be inconspicuous to the infant not looking in a mirror. In general, studies agree that this response appears in some infants around 15 months of age and is shown by a majority of infants by 24 months of age. There is less agreement over the existence of a "withdrawal" component in the second year, or the presence of a "social" phase analogous to the reaction of many animals confronted with a mirror. Infants as young as 3 months are differentially responsive to a self-reflection and a live peer. Various "self-conscious" reactions and self-labelling may also indicate self-recognition in the second year, but their validity is not well established. Studies using videotapes of the self and others show that contingency of movement is a salient cue which is learned early, and that attempts to engage in contingent play and to imitate representations of oneself are useful measures of early self-recognition. The validity of the response of turning to look at an object first seen in a mirror as a sign of self-recognition is questioned. The age at which self-recognition in still pictures first appears is less clear. Verbal comprehension of self-relevant labels appears earlier than active self-labelling. A few studies have addressed the question of cognitive correlates of self-recognition, but a variety of behaviors that imply self-awareness and the corresponding ability to impute mental states to others remains to be studied in relation to self-recognition. Continued research into self-recognition and associated abilities in nonhuman primates enhances the overall understanding of the development of self-awareness.
对自我认知发展的研究主要是通过观察婴儿对镜子中自己影像的反应来进行的。决定性的测试是婴儿是否能够利用影像去注意并通过触摸脸上或头上的标记来对其做出反应。对于不看镜子的婴儿来说，这个标记应该是不显眼的。总体而言，研究一致认为这种反应在15个月左右的一些婴儿中出现，到24个月大时大多数婴儿都会表现出来。对于第二年是否存在“退缩”成分，或者是否存在类似于许多动物面对镜子时的反应的“社交”阶段，人们的看法不太一致。年仅3个月的婴儿对自我影像和活生生的同龄人有不同的反应。各种“自我意识”反应和自我标签也可能表明第二年的自我认知，但它们的有效性尚未得到充分证实。使用自己和他人录像带的研究表明，动作的关联性是一个早期习得的显著线索，尝试进行关联游戏和模仿自己的影像表现是早期自我认知的有用衡量标准。将转头看向镜子中首次看到的物体作为自我认知标志的反应的有效性受到质疑。在静止图片中首次出现自我认知的年龄不太明确。对与自我相关标签的语言理解比主动自我标签出现得更早。一些研究探讨了自我认知的认知相关问题，但与自我认知相关的各种暗示自我意识以及将心理状态归因于他人的相应能力的行为仍有待研究。对非人类灵长类动物自我认知及相关能力的持续研究有助于全面理解自我意识的发展。
