Mapping cross-linking sites in modified proteins with mass spectrometry: an application to cross-linked hemoglobins.

The combined use of trypsin digestion and peptide mass mapping by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is reported here as an effective and rapid means for identifying the cross-linking sites in human oxy hemoglobin A (HbA) cross-linked with either bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)-succinate or -glutarate. MALDI-MS analysis of a nondigested sample of oxy HbA modified with bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl)-glutarate showed that cross-linking only occurred between the beta 1- and beta 2-protomers and not between alpha 1- and alpha 2- or alpha- and beta-protomers, along with a modification reaction on an un-cross-linked beta-chain. Results of the MALDI tryptic peptide mass maps of cross-linked hemoglobins showed several cross-linked peptides having masses consistent with: beta Val67-Lys95-XL-beta Val67-Lys95, beta Val67-Lys95-XL-beta Val67-Arg104, beta Val67-Arg104-XL-beta Val67-Arg104, where XL represents the succinyl or glutaryl bridging span moiety. Each of these peptides contains Lys82, the targeted residue for these reagents, substantiating the cross-linking sites at beta 1Lys82-beta 2Lys82. This approach in general will enable rapid identification of the cross-linking sites in engineered proteins or intracellularly recombinant cross-linked proteins when the mass of the cross-linker and the protein primary structure are known.