Hagman G
Int J Psychoanal. 1995 Oct;76 ( Pt 5):909-25.
The psychoanalytic model of mourning, while useful in its depiction of a certain type of process, may not be valid as a general model. The author of this paper reviews the development of the standard psychoanalytic model of mourning, and offers a critique from several perspectives. First, the psychoanalytic literature and data from clinical practice fails to confirm basic components of mourning theory. Second, some non-analytic research is at odds with several of the model's key assumptions, and historical studies have shown how individuals in western culture have mourned differently over time. Finally, from a cross-cultural perspective it is also clear that there is infinite variety in people's responses to death, in how they mourn, and in the nature of their internalisation of the lost object. In closing, a perspective on bereavement is proposed that, rather than being process-oriented, understands mourning to be an adaptive response to specific task demands arising from loss which must be dealt with regardless of individual, culture or historical era.
哀悼的精神分析模型，尽管在描述某种类型的过程时有用，但作为一个通用模型可能并不有效。本文作者回顾了哀悼的标准精神分析模型的发展，并从多个角度提出了批评。首先，精神分析文献和临床实践数据未能证实哀悼理论的基本组成部分。其次，一些非分析性研究与该模型的几个关键假设不一致，历史研究表明西方文化中的个体在不同时期的哀悼方式有所不同。最后，从跨文化的角度来看，很明显人们对死亡的反应、哀悼方式以及他们对失去对象的内化本质存在着无穷的差异。最后，本文提出了一种关于丧亲之痛的观点，即哀悼不是以过程为导向，而是理解为对因失去而产生的特定任务需求的一种适应性反应，无论个体、文化或历史时代如何，都必须应对这些需求。
