Schlecht P C, Groff J H, Feng A, Song R
Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1996 Nov;57(11):1035-43. doi: 10.1080/15428119691014378.
The National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP) recognizes laboratories capable of analyzing lead in paints, soils, and dusts. NLLAP requires successful participation in the Environmental Lead Proficiency Analytical Testing (ELPAT) program. For paint chip analyses, laboratory-to-laboratory variability is about 10% relative standard deviation (RSD) for lead levels near 0.5%, the HUD definition of lead-based paint. For soil analyses, RSDs are about 9 to 10% near relevant federal soil standards and 16% near the lowest state bare soil standard that currently exists. For dust wipe analyses, RSDs range from 10 to 16% for lead levels near relevant HUD standards. Of participating laboratories, 92 to 93% consistently meet ELPAT performance limits. A variety of analytical methods gives similar results. No conclusive significant differences were found among most frequently used hotplate and microwave sample preparation techniques. In addition, several participating laboratories have successfully used ultrasonic extraction methods, a method suitable for use at abatement sites. The three most frequently used instrumental techniques, flame atomic absorption (FAA), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and graphite furnace atomic absorption show no statistically significant differences in ability to meet ELPAT performance limits. However, small statistically significant biases between these methods sometimes occur. The magnitude of biases is less than 5% of the corresponding laboratory mean near relevant federal standards except for lead levels near the lowest HUD lead wipe standard, where biases can be as high as 8%. Other instrumental methods that have been used successfully include ICP-mass spectroscopy, direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, dithizone spectrophotometry, and anodic stripping voltametry.
国家铅实验室认可计划（NLLAP）认可能够分析油漆、土壤和灰尘中铅含量的实验室。NLLAP要求成功参与环境铅能力验证分析测试（ELPAT）计划。对于油漆芯片分析，当铅含量接近0.5%（住房和城市发展部对含铅油漆的定义）时，实验室间的变异性约为10%相对标准偏差（RSD）。对于土壤分析，在接近相关联邦土壤标准时，RSD约为9%至10%，在接近目前存在的最低州裸土标准时为16%。对于灰尘擦拭分析，在接近相关住房和城市发展部标准的铅含量时，RSD范围为10%至16%。参与的实验室中，92%至93%始终符合ELPAT性能限值。多种分析方法给出了相似的结果。在最常用的热板和微波样品制备技术之间未发现确凿的显著差异。此外，几家参与的实验室已成功使用超声提取方法，这是一种适用于减排现场的方法。三种最常用的仪器技术，火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAA）、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP - AES）和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法在满足ELPAT性能限值的能力上没有统计学上的显著差异。然而，这些方法之间有时会出现小的统计学显著偏差。除了接近最低住房和城市发展部铅擦拭标准的铅含量外，偏差幅度在接近相关联邦标准时小于相应实验室平均值的5%，在该最低标准处偏差可能高达8%。其他已成功使用的仪器方法包括电感耦合等离子体质谱法、直流等离子体原子发射光谱法、双硫腙分光光度法和阳极溶出伏安法。
