Perception of direction of visual motion. I. Influence of angular body acceleration and tilt.

We investigated, psychophysically, the influence of body rotation on visual motion direction thresholds for both upright sitting and tilted observers. Four angular accelerations (0, 20, 40 and 60 degrees/s2) were combined with 3 concurrent backward-tilt positions (0, 45 and 90 degrees). This led to combined stimulation of the semicircular canals and otoliths. Vestibular stimulation was combined with a visual motion stimulus. Random-dot kinematograms in which varying percentages of pixels coherently moving to the left were presented upon a background of otherwise randomly moving pixels (random walk). The smallest percentage of coherently moving pixels leading to a clear perception of motion direction represented as the perceptual threshold. Angular accelerations about the longitudinal body axis significantly increased motion-direction thresholds. Concurrent backward tilt did not influence thresholds. These results differ from those of studies in which translational linear acceleration was employed. Our results support the view that it is necessary to distinguish between linear acceleration caused by gravitational forces and that caused by additional linear accelerations about the x-, y-, and z-axes.