Exploring cell death mechanisms by analyzing signaling cascades of the TNF/NGF receptor family.

The ability of ligands of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family to induce death of cells independently of new protein synthesis provides a unique approach to molecular analysis of programmed cell death mechanisms. Sequential analysis of the protein-protein interactions by which these receptors signal, allows identification of specific molecules that participate in the cell death process and unequivocal definition of cause-effect relationships between them. Several receptors of this family, with structurally unrelated intracellular domains, have the ability to trigger cell death. some intracellular proteins that bind to the receptors and participate in the induction of their effects have been identified. Association of the Fas/APO1-interacting protein MORT1/FADD with the p55 TNF receptor-interacting protein TRADD, and the association of both MORT1/FADD and TRADD with a third protein, RIP, provide potential cross-talk mechanisms between Fas/APO1 and the p55 TNF receptor. TRAF2, a cytoplasmic protein that binds to the p75 TNF receptor, as well as to several other receptors of the TNF/NGF family, also binds to TRADD, thus further extending the range of receptors of this family that can share common signaling mechanisms. The N-terminal part of MORT1/FADD binds to a protease of the CED3/ICE family, MACH alpha. Activation of MACH alpha by the TNF/NGF receptors appears to be the most upstream enzymatic activity in the cascade of signaling for cell death.