Vasil'ev A E
Zh Obshch Biol. 1996 May-Jun;57(3):293-325.
The peculiarities of structure, location and dynamics of microtubules (Mts) and microfilaments (Mfs) in cells of animals and of higher plants (growing by elongation and apical growth) are discussed. It is shown that in animal cells Mt-skeleton located mainly in the depths of the cytoplasm is responsible for directed intracellular movement and characteristic position of cell components. Animal Mf-skeleton forming a dense network is most often aggregated at the cell periphery. Its primary function is the shaping and locomotion of the cell. In contrast, one of the most characteristic features of the cytoskeleton in the elongating plant cells is the presence of only cortical Mts closely linked to the plasmalemma. Higher plant Mt-skeleton is involved primarily in the orientation of newly depositing cellulosic cell wall microfibrils and thus it controls the direction of cell growth which determines the cell shape. It also mediates (by means of preprophase Mt-band) the orientation of cytokinesis. Thus in plants the principal role of the Mt-skeleton is the control of morphogenesis. Far less important is supporting function of plant Mts. The nuclear envelope is main Mt organizing center in plant cells. Unlike Mts, plant Mf-skeleton is concentrated in the cell depths and is the involved in the intracellular transport and characteristic positioning of the cell components. Apically growing cells such as root hairs typically contain deeply distributed Mts in addition to cortical ones. The former may participate in the transfer of nucleus and/or plastids.
本文讨论了动物细胞和高等植物细胞（通过伸长生长和顶端生长）中微管（Mts）和微丝（Mfs）的结构、位置及动态特性。结果表明，动物细胞中主要位于细胞质深处的微管骨架负责细胞内的定向移动以及细胞组分的特征性定位。动物微丝骨架形成致密网络，大多聚集在细胞周边，其主要功能是细胞塑形和移动。相比之下，伸长生长的植物细胞中细胞骨架最显著的特征之一是仅存在与质膜紧密相连的皮层微管。高等植物微管骨架主要参与新沉积的纤维素细胞壁微纤丝的定向排列，从而控制决定细胞形状的细胞生长方向，还通过前期带介导胞质分裂的定向。因此，在植物中微管骨架的主要作用是控制形态发生。植物微管的支撑功能则远没有那么重要。核膜是植物细胞中主要的微管组织中心。与微管不同，植物微丝骨架集中在细胞深处，参与细胞内运输和细胞组分的特征性定位。顶端生长的细胞，如根毛，除了皮层微管外通常还含有分布较深的微管，后者可能参与细胞核和/或质体的转移。
