Fryczkowski A W, Bieganowski L, Nye C N
Department of Ophthalmology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
Surv Ophthalmol. 1996 Nov-Dec;41(3):255-60. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6257(96)80028-2.
Unknown to the Western hemisphere, a Polish scientist, naturalist, anatomist, physiologist, philosopher and optician, Witelo, wrote an important ten volume manuscript, Peri-Optikes, usually cited in the literature as Perspectiva. This classic textbook was first published in 1535 in Nuremberg under the title: Vitellionis mathematici doctissimi ... vulgo Perspectivam vocant libri X, which is translated to English as Perspectiva. It was a vital source of information for such scientists as Leonardo da Vinci, Keppler and others in the next few centuries. Although many of his ideas were similar to Alhazan's, who earlier had written a significant optical manuscript De aspectibus, Witelo developed his own interpretation of many optical issues. He was one of the first scientists to discover spherical aberration of concave lenses and concave mirrors. He was also first to point out "that deflection of the light ray increases with the angle in which they approach two different optical substances and each increase is smaller than the previous one." Until recently, Witelo's achievements and contributions to the understanding of optical and anatomical aspects of the eye and visual function have remained unknown in western literature. Undoubtedly, Witelo should be recognized as the father of physiological optics.
西半球并不知晓，一位波兰科学家、博物学家、解剖学家、生理学家、哲学家兼眼镜商维泰洛，撰写了一部重要的十卷本手稿《光学大全》，在文献中通常被引作《光学》。这部经典教科书于1535年在纽伦堡首次出版，书名为《最博学的数学家维泰洛……通俗称为〈光学〉的十卷书》，英文译名为《光学》。在接下来的几个世纪里，它是列奥纳多·达·芬奇、开普勒等科学家的重要信息来源。尽管他的许多观点与更早之前撰写了重要光学手稿《论视觉》的阿尔哈曾相似，但维泰洛对许多光学问题有自己的解读。他是最早发现凹透镜和凹面镜球面像差的科学家之一。他也是第一个指出“光线的偏折随着它们接近两种不同光学介质的角度而增加，且每次增加都比前一次小”的人。直到最近，维泰洛在理解眼睛的光学和解剖学方面以及视觉功能方面的成就和贡献在西方文献中仍不为人知。毫无疑问，维泰洛应被视为生理光学之父。
