Specialized studies in pediatric dysphagia.

The evaluation and management of the pediatric patient with a feeding and swallowing disorder may require the use of specialized studies to evaluate specific aspects of swallowing function; to judge the consequences of the swallowing dysfunction; and to assess factors that may be contributing to swallowing dysfunction. Instrumental assessment of swallowing function may include upper gastrointestinal studies, videofluoroscopy or videofluoroscopic swallow studies, ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging, fiberoptic endoscopy of swallowing, and cervical auscultation. Procedures that assess the consequences and/or identify factors contributing to swallowing dysfunction may include pulse oximetry, chest x-rays, laryngoscopy and/or bronchoscopy, and pulmonary function tests. The use of such specialized procedures to evaluate children with dysphagia is the focus of this article.