Marshall P A, Thomasma D C, Daar A S
Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60153, USA.
Theor Med. 1996 Mar;17(1):1-18. doi: 10.1007/BF00489737.
The severe shortage of organs for transplantation and the continual reluctance of the public to voluntarily donate has prompted consideration of alternative strategies for organ procurement. This paper explores the development of market approaches for procuring human organs for transplantation and considers the social and moral implications of organ donation as both a "gift of life" and a "commodity exchange." The problematic and paradoxical articulation of individual autonomy in relation to property rights and marketing human body parts is addressed. We argue that beliefs about proprietorship over human body parts and the capacity to provide consent for organ donation are culturally constructed. We contend that the political and economic framework of biomedicine, in western and non-western nations, influences access to transplantation technology and shapes the form and development of specific market approaches. Finally, we suggest that marketing approaches for organ procurement are and will be negotiated within cultural parameters constrained by several factors: beliefs about the physical body and personhood, religious traditions, economic conditions, and the availability of technological resources.
移植器官的严重短缺以及公众持续不愿自愿捐赠，促使人们考虑器官获取的替代策略。本文探讨了为移植获取人体器官的市场方法的发展，并考虑了器官捐赠作为“生命的礼物”和“商品交换”的社会及道德含义。文中还探讨了个人自主权在财产权和人体器官营销方面存在的问题及矛盾表述。我们认为，关于人体器官所有权以及器官捐赠同意能力的观念是文化建构的。我们主张，西方和非西方国家生物医学的政治和经济框架会影响移植技术的可及性，并塑造特定市场方法的形式和发展。最后，我们指出，器官获取的营销方法过去是、将来也会在由多种因素限制的文化参数范围内进行协商：关于身体和人格的观念、宗教传统、经济状况以及技术资源的可获得性。
