Enoka R M
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195-5254, USA.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Dec;81(6):2339-46. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2339.
Eccentric contractions occur when activated muscles are forcibly lengthened. This mode of muscle function occurs frequently in the activities of daily living and in athletic competition. This review examines the experimental evidence that provides the foundation for our current understanding of the benefits, consequences, and control of eccentric contractions. Over the past several decades, numerous studies have established that eccentric contractions can maximize the force exerted and the work performed by muscle; that they are associated with a greater mechanical efficiency; that they can attenuate the mechanical effects of impact forces; and that they enhance the tissue damage associated with exercise. More recent evidence adds a new feature to this repertoire by suggesting a new hypothesis: that the neural commands controlling eccentric contractions are unique. Examination of this hypothesis is critical because the existence of such a control scheme would increase substantially the complexity of the strategies that the nervous system must use to control movement.
离心收缩发生在被激活的肌肉被强行拉长时。这种肌肉功能模式在日常生活活动和体育比赛中经常出现。本综述探讨了为我们目前对离心收缩的益处、后果和控制的理解提供基础的实验证据。在过去几十年中，大量研究表明，离心收缩可以使肌肉施加的力量和完成的功最大化；它们与更高的机械效率相关；它们可以减弱冲击力的机械效应；并且它们会增加与运动相关的组织损伤。最近的证据通过提出一个新假设为这一系列研究增添了一个新特征：控制离心收缩的神经指令是独特的。对这一假设的研究至关重要，因为这样一种控制方案的存在将大大增加神经系统控制运动所需策略的复杂性。
