Modulation of muscle creatine kinase promoter activity by the inducible orphan nuclear receptor TIS1.

TIS1, an inducible orphan nuclear receptor, was originally isolated as a tumour-promoter-inducible gene in mouse 3T3 cells and later shown to be induced by growth factors and other extracellular stimuli. We show here that TIS1 mRNA was expressed in proliferating C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells out that the level of TIS1 expression increased during muscle differentiation. Overexpression of TIS1 transactivated muscle creatine kinase (MCK) reporter genes containing as little as 80 bp of the proximal 5' flanking region. In contrast, a promoterless TIS1 construct and a frameshift mutant TIS1 construct were unable to transactivate the MCK reporter gene. Moreover, the effect exerted by TIS1 appeared to be selective for the MCK promoter. Treatment of C2C12 cells with forskolin, which is known to induce TIS1 expression, also stimulated MCK reporter gene activity. Interestingly, in vitro translated TIS1 protein failed to bind to the MCK promoter region, suggesting that the transactivation effect of TIS1 may be mediated without direct interaction of the protein with the MCK promoter DNA. Collectively, these results suggest that changing levels of TIS1 may help to modulate the expression of MCK, and perhaps other muscle-specific genes, in response to physiological changes.