Involvement of purine nucleotide synthetic pathways in gonadotropin-induced meiotic maturation in mouse cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes.

This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that purine nucleotide-generating pathways are required for ligand-stimulated oocyte maturation in meiotically arrested cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes. Oocytes from hormonally primed, immature mice were cultured overnight in Eagle's minimum essential medium containing dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) (to maintain meiotic arrest), plus either mycophenolic acid or alanosine (inhibitors of guanyl and adenyl nucleotide production, respectively). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was added either at the outset of culture or after a 3-hr preincubation period. Under either of these conditions, the inhibitors suppressed FSH induction of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB). In addition, the potency of FSH as an inducer of GVB was reduced following the 3-hr preincubation period, but this could be prevented if nucleotide precursors such as hypoxanthine, guanosine, or adenosine were included during the first 3 hr. Furthermore, preincubation had little effect on FSH induction of GVB when hypoxanthine was used to maintain meiotic arrest for the entire culture period. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, could not mimic this protective effect of hypoxanthine. Azaserine and aminopterin, inhibitors of purine de novo synthesis, blocked hormone-triggered maturation in dbcAMP-arrested oocytes, but had little effect on hypoxanthine-arrested oocytes. The effect of azaserine on dbcAMP-treated oocytes could be reversed by the inclusion of AICA riboside, a compound that can be taken up by cells and phosphorylated to form AICAR, which can enter the purine de novo pathway at a point distal to the sites of azaserine inhibition. FSH was stimulatory to purine de novo synthesis, while azaserine, aminopterin, hypoxanthine, and AICA riboside all suppressed de novo synthesis in the presence or absence of FSH, with dbcAMP having no effect. HPLC analysis of 14C-hypoxanthine metabolism in oocyte-cumulus cell complexes revealed that changes in the pattern of purine metabolism did not mediate the meiosis-inducing effect of FSH. These data support the conclusion that purine nucleotide-generating pathways are vital participants in the mechanism(s) regulating hormone-induced meiotic maturation, and that either the de novo or salvage pathway can fulfill this nucleotide requirement.