Lutz H, Petzoldt Ehler R
Fortschr Med. 1977 Aug 11;95(30):1859-65.
In recent years ultrasonography has been established as a reliable diagnostic method in various urological disorders. The first and most important indication is the differentiation between renal cysts and solid tumors. But ultrasound is suitable, too, for the diagnosis of haematomas, abscesses and hydronephrosis in the postoperative period and for the evaluation of renal transplants to detect early signs of rejection. Ultrasound allows the examination of patients with renal insufficiency and of patients with unilateral absence of contrast medium excretion in urography, because it is independent of contrast medium and renal function. In these patients as well as in traumatized patients ultrasound can be used as a bed-side method. Furthermore, it is possible to diagnose retroperitoneal tumors causing obstruction, megaureter, and tumors of the bladder. For the diagnosis of the prostate the rectal application of an ultrasonic transducer seems to be the best method. With an ultrasonic Doppler probe the diagnosis of testicular torsion is possible on ground of the absence of intratesticular arterial pulsation. Finally the possibility of ultrasonic targeted percutaneous puncture of the kidneys, tumors and cysts as a diagnostic and occasionally therapeutic approach has to be mentioned.
近年来，超声检查已成为各种泌尿系统疾病可靠的诊断方法。首要且最重要的指征是区分肾囊肿和实体肿瘤。但超声也适用于诊断术后血肿、脓肿和肾积水，以及评估肾移植以检测排斥反应的早期迹象。超声检查可用于肾功能不全患者以及静脉肾盂造影中单侧造影剂排泄缺失的患者，因为它不依赖于造影剂和肾功能。在这些患者以及创伤患者中，超声可作为床边检查方法。此外，还能够诊断引起梗阻的腹膜后肿瘤、巨输尿管以及膀胱肿瘤。对于前列腺诊断而言，经直肠应用超声换能器似乎是最佳方法。借助超声多普勒探头，基于睾丸内动脉搏动缺失可诊断睾丸扭转。最后，必须提及超声引导下经皮穿刺肾脏、肿瘤和囊肿作为一种诊断方法，偶尔也作为治疗手段的可能性。
