Mount G A, Biery T L, Haile D G
Medical and Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL 32604, USA.
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 Dec;12(4):601-18.
This review of research on ultralow-volume (ULV) aerial sprays for mosquito control is a component of an Aerial SPray EXpert system (ASPEX). Topics include application volume, adulticiding, larviciding, droplet size, and meteorology. The review discusses the efficacy of ULV aerial sprays against many important pest and vector species of mosquitoes in a wide range of locations and habitats in the USA and in some countries of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Nine conclusions were drawn from this review. 1) ULV applications are as effective for mosquito control as highly-diluted, water-based sprays. 2) More acres can be sprayed per aircraft load with the ULV method than with dilute sprays. 3) High-altitude ULV sprays using wide or stacked swaths could be used in emergencies if wind speed and direction data at appropriate altitudes are available to accurately place the spray. 4) Successful adult mosquito control can be achieved in dense foliage or open housing with ULV aerial sprays, but doses of insecticide must be increased. 5) ULV aerial application of mosquito larvicides can be used successfully in large areas. 6) The optimum droplet size for adult mosquito control is 5-25 microns volume median diameter (VMD). 7) For mosquito adulticiding, near optimum atomization of ULV sprays is achieved with flat-fan nozzles oriented straight down or slightly forward for high-speed aircraft (> or = 150 mph) or rotary atomizers on slow-speed aircraft (< 150 mph). 8) Optimum atomization minimizes paint spotting. 9) Maximum adult mosquito control is achieved just after sunrise and just before sunset with 2-10-mph crosswinds.
本关于超低容量（ULV）空中喷雾灭蚊研究的综述是空中喷雾专家系统（ASPEX）的一个组成部分。主题包括施药量、成蚊防治、幼虫防治、液滴大小和气象学。该综述讨论了在美国以及亚洲、非洲和美洲的一些国家，超低容量空中喷雾在广泛的地点和栖息地对许多重要的蚊虫害虫和病媒种类的防治效果。本综述得出了九条结论。1）超低容量喷雾在蚊虫防治方面与高稀释度的水基喷雾效果相同。2）与稀释喷雾相比，使用超低容量方法每架次飞机装载量可喷洒更多英亩面积。3）如果有适当高度的风速和风向数据以准确放置喷雾，在紧急情况下可使用宽幅或堆叠式宽幅的高空超低容量喷雾。4）使用超低容量空中喷雾可在茂密树叶或露天房屋中成功实现成蚊防治，但必须增加杀虫剂剂量。5）超低容量空中施用杀蚊幼虫剂可在大面积区域成功使用。6）防治成蚊的最佳液滴大小是体积中值直径（VMD）为5 - 25微米。7）对于成蚊防治，对于高速飞机（≥150英里/小时），使用垂直向下或略向前的扁平扇形喷嘴，或对于低速飞机（<150英里/小时）使用旋转雾化器，可实现超低容量喷雾接近最佳的雾化效果。8）最佳雾化可将涂料斑点降至最低。9）在日出后和日落前，伴有2 - 10英里/小时的侧风时，可实现最大程度的成蚊防治。
