Involvement of two Sp1 elements in basal endothelial prostaglandin H synthase-1 promoter activity.

Prostaglandin H synthase-1 (PGHS-1) is a constitutively expressed key enzyme in the biosynthesis of physiologically important prostanoids. The promoter of the human PGHS-1 gene lacks a TATA box, has a very GC-rich region, and contains multiple transcription start sites. To identify the elements involved in the constitutive expression of the PGHS-1 gene, we constructed a 2075-base pair fragment (-2095 to -21 relative to the translation start codon) and a series of 5'-deletion mutants into a promoterless luciferase expression vector, which was transfected in HUVEC. Two important regions were identified. DNase I footprinting identified a protected segment, which contains an Sp1 binding site proximal to the transcription start sites. Band shift assays confirmed specific binding of Sp1 to this segment. Band shift assays further revealed specific binding of Sp1 to a distal region containing a canonical Sp1 site. Mutation of either Sp1 binding site significantly reduced the promoter activity. When both sites were mutated, the activity was reduced to 29% of that of the wild type. Mutation of Sp1 sites did not abrogate promoter activity stimulated by phorbol ester. These results indicate that binding of Sp1 or its related proteins to two widely separated Sp1 sites on the promoter region activates the basal PGHS-1 gene transcription.