Hoffman G E, Berghorn K A
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA.
Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 1997 Feb;15(1):5-17. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1067964.
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are essential for reproduction. GnRH neurons must release GnRH in a pulsatile pattern for optimal secretion of LH and FSH. In some species, GnRH surges actively evoke the preovulatory LH surge, while in others, GnRH secretion may be permissive. The GnRH neurons have a unique anatomy. The neurons develop, not from the ventricular epithelium like other CNS neurons, but migrate from the olfactory epithelium during fetal life. This feature provides a basis for the clinical link between olfactory and reproductive function and helps explain the atypical distribution of cells and variations in GnRH cell location noted across species. The diffuse organization of GnRH neurons has made the task of understanding the control of GnRH neurons by other CNS neurons more difficult. Recent evidence has helped discriminate influences that are permissive for GnRH release from those that direct changes in GnRH release.
促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）神经元对生殖至关重要。GnRH神经元必须以脉冲模式释放GnRH，才能实现LH和FSH的最佳分泌。在某些物种中，GnRH峰可积极诱发排卵前LH峰，而在其他物种中，GnRH分泌可能起允许作用。GnRH神经元具有独特的解剖结构。这些神经元并非像其他中枢神经系统神经元那样由室管膜上皮发育而来，而是在胎儿期从嗅上皮迁移而来。这一特征为嗅觉与生殖功能之间的临床联系提供了基础，并有助于解释跨物种观察到的细胞非典型分布以及GnRH细胞位置的变化。GnRH神经元的弥散性组织使得理解其他中枢神经系统神经元对GnRH神经元的控制任务更加困难。最近的证据有助于区分对GnRH释放起允许作用的影响因素与直接改变GnRH释放的因素。
