Teaching deception skills in a game-play context to three adolescents with autism.

Baron-Cohen (1992) found that students with autism are impaired in their ability to deceive. A multiple-baseline across-subjects design was conceptualized to test the hypothesis that such students could be taught to deceive. Two conditions were presented in baseline and treatment phases. In Condition 1, the student guessed in which hand a small object was hidden when the experimenter presented two closed fists. In Condition 2, the student hid the object and presented two closed fists to the experimenter for a guess. Reinforcement was delivered contingently upon independent guessing during Condition 1 in both baseline and treatment phases. Under Condition 2, reinforcement was delivered noncontingently during the baseline phase and contingently upon successive approximations to the target behavior of deception during the treatment phase. All students displayed the acquisition of at least three of the responses included in the deception response during the baseline phase, and two students showed an erratic acquisition of the total skill during the baseline phase. Results indicate that students with autism can learn to deceive, even without formal intensive training.