Analysis of the DCC tumor suppressor gene in testicular germ cell tumors: mutations and loss of expression.

Inactivation of the DCC (Deleted in Colon Carcinoma) tumor suppressor gene by allelic loss and/or reduced expression is associated with the development of colon cancer, gliomas, gastric and prostatic malignancies. In a total cohort of 51 testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) of different histologies we analyzed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for DCC at two specific DNA sites in 37 GCT and DCC mRNA expression compared to that of the adjacent normal testicular tissue in 41 GCT, one Leydig cell tumor and one testicular metastasis of a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Two of 17 tumors (11.7%) informative for the Msp I polymorphic site of the DCC gene and 6/25 tumors (24.0%) informative for variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH). DCC expression was analyzed by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction after initial reverse transcription (RT-PCR). Thirty of 41 GCT (73.1%) and both, the Leydig cell tumor and the testicular metastasis of NSCLC, had a nearly complete or total loss of DCC mRNA expression. Six of 11 (54.5%) seminomas and 24/30 (80.0%) nonseminomas had this loss of expression. Twelve of 17 (70.5%) localized tumors, 9/13 (69.2%) tumors with lymph node involvement and 9/11 (82.2%) tumors with distant metastases showed decreased or absent DCC expression. This data suggests that inactivation of the DCC gene, especially the loss of DCC expression, is associated with the development and progression of human GCT.