Gartner C B
Department of English and Philosophy, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323, USA.
Acad Med. 1996 May;71(5):470-7. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199605000-00016.
In 1864, Dean Edwin Fussell of the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania tried to prevent Mary Putnam (later the eminent physician Mary Putnam Jacobi) from graduating. He claimed she had not fulfilled the requirements, and that granting her degree would give critics ammunition for their charges that a medical school for women debased the standards of the profession. In his writings and speeches both before and after this incident, Fussell made clear his belief that women in medicine should be held to higher and stricter standards than those applied to men in order to win acceptance. Fussell's case against Putnam, documented in the Minute Books of the Faculty and Board of Corporators of the college, was resolved, but this conflict raises larger issues. According to evidence in these records and the words of Fussell and those who knew him, Fussell emerges as a weak individual in a position of power in a weak institution who understood only quantitative measures of competence. This leads to the proposition that weak leaders in weak institutions today may continue to impose disparate standards on women and thereby adversely affect their careers.
1864年，宾夕法尼亚女子医学院院长埃德温·富塞尔试图阻止玛丽·普特南（后来成为著名医生玛丽·普特南·雅各比）毕业。他声称她没有满足毕业要求，授予她学位会给批评者提供弹药，让他们指责女子医学院降低了行业标准。在这一事件前后的著作和演讲中，富塞尔明确表示，他认为为了赢得认可，医学领域的女性应该比男性遵循更高、更严格的标准。富塞尔反对普特南的案例记录在学院教员和董事会会议记录簿中，最终得到了解决，但这场冲突引发了更大的问题。根据这些记录中的证据以及富塞尔和了解他的人的言论，富塞尔在一个实力薄弱的机构中担任权力职位，是一个能力有限、只懂得用量化指标衡量能力的弱者。这就引出了一个观点，即如今实力薄弱机构中的弱势领导者可能会继续对女性施加不同的标准，从而对她们的职业生涯产生不利影响。
