Sodium-hydrogen antiporter: its possible role in the genesis of diabetic nephropathy.

The epidemiological evidence that only a subset of diabetic patients are susceptible to renal damage and the demonstration of clear familiar clustering of diabetic nephropathy are consistent with the possibility that genetic factors may explain the liability to or protection from renal disease of diabetic patients. A predisposition to hypertension and cardiovascular disease may be an important determinant of susceptibility to renal disease and its cardiovascular complications in diabetes since raised blood pressure [1] and an increased frequency of cardiovascular disease [2] are more prevalent in parents of diabetic patients with nephropathy. These results have raised growing interest in the search for intermediate phenotypes significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy, poorly influenced by environment, stable with age, easy to quantify and possibly dependent upon a single major gene effect. Such intermediate phenotypes can be useful for early diagnosis and would help clarify the molecular mechanisms leading to diabetic nephropathy. An elevation of Na+/H+ antiporter activity has consistently been associated with diabetic renal disease both in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, making this cell membrane exchanger system an ideal intermediate phenotype for the study of diabetic nephropathy.