Clark T E, Appleton C C, Drewes S E
Durban Natural Science Museum, South Africa.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1997 Mar;56(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(96)01495-x.
The high cost of synthetic molluscicides, used in the control of the intermediate snail hosts of schistosomiasis (bilharzia), has resulted in renewed interest in plant molluscicides. The history of the use of plant molluscicides is reviewed. Although screening programmes have been conducted in other African countries, no efforts have been made to identify South African plants which would be suitable for use locally, using appropriate technology. The prohibitive costs (time and financial) of random surveys for activity necessitated the development of an objective selection procedure. A simple scoring system derived for this purpose is described. Of 600 plant species with potential, or recorded activity, 150 occurred in South Africa. Twenty-six taxa were active according to standards set by WHO. A further 37 species, although untested, warrant further investigation. Species were ranked on cumulative scores for: (a) coincidence of the endemic areas of the plant, snail host and disease; (b) ethnomedicinal value which would provide greater incentive for cultivation; (c) molluscicidal activity (if known, a minimum LD90 of < or = 100 ppm). Two lists resulted, those with recorded and those with potential activity. Both are important in prioritizing research on molluscicidal plants in South Africa. Problems inherent to the scoring system and to the development of plant molluscicides are discussed.
用于控制血吸虫病（裂体吸虫病）中间宿主钉螺的合成杀螺剂成本高昂，这使得人们重新对植物杀螺剂产生了兴趣。本文回顾了植物杀螺剂的使用历史。尽管其他非洲国家已经开展了筛选项目，但尚未有人利用适当技术来鉴定适合在南非本地使用的植物。由于对活性进行随机调查的成本过高（时间和资金方面），因此有必要开发一种客观的筛选程序。本文描述了为此目的而制定的一个简单评分系统。在600种具有潜在活性或已记录活性的植物物种中，有150种出现在南非。根据世界卫生组织制定的标准，有26个分类群具有活性。另有37种植物虽然未经测试，但值得进一步研究。根据以下累积得分对物种进行排名：（a）植物、钉螺宿主和疾病的流行区域重合度；（b）具有更大种植激励作用的民族药用价值；（c）杀螺活性（如果已知，最低半数致死剂量LD90≤100 ppm）。由此得出了两份清单，一份是具有已记录活性的植物清单，另一份是具有潜在活性的植物清单。这两份清单对于确定南非杀螺植物的研究优先级都很重要。本文还讨论了评分系统以及植物杀螺剂开发过程中固有的问题。
