Hoigne's syndrome, kindling, and panic disorder.

A review of Hoigne's syndrome (HS) is presented, and 47 cases of putative procaine penicillin-induced HS are discussed within the context of kindling models of human psychopathology. Sixty percent of the individuals with HS in our retrospective study reported a lifetime history of panic disorder. The risk factors and causal relationships among repeated injection of procaine penicillin, HS, and anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder, require further investigation.