Wall shear rate measurements in an elastic curved artery model.

Since atherosclerotic lesions tend to be localized at bends and branching points, knowledge of wall shear rate patterns in models of these geometries may help elucidate the mechanism of atherogenesis. This study uses the photochromic method of flow visualization to determine both the mean and amplitude of the wall shear rate wavefront in straight and curved elastic arterial models to demonstrate the effects of curvature, elasticity, and the phase angle between the flow and pressure waveforms (impedance phase angle). Under sinusoidal flow conditions characteristic of large arteries, the mean shear rate at the inner wall of the curved tube is reduced 40-56% from its steady flow value, depending on the phase angle. Wall shear rate amplitudes in the curved tube are significantly reduced by wall motion (36-55% of the Womersley amplitude for a straight rigid tube). The shear rate amplitude at the outer wall decreases 30% as the phase angle is reduced from -20 degrees to -66 degrees, while the shear rate amplitude at the inner wall increases 45%. As a result, the oscillatory nature of flow at the outer wall decreases with decreasing negative phase angle, but flow at the inner wall becomes much more oscillatory. At large negative phase angles, characteristic of hypertension or vasoactive agents, the shear rate at the inner wall has a small mean and cycles through positive and negative values; the shear rate at the outer wall remains positive throughout the flow cycle. Thus, the impedance phase angle could affect atherogenesis along the inner wall if temporal and directional changes in wall shear rate play a role.