Survey of management training in United States and Canadian pathology residency programs.

One hundred seventy-six United States and Canadian pathology residency programs were surveyed to assess the status of management training for residents. Specific questions in the survey concerned approaches to management, instructional methods used, topics covered, and length of management rotations. Eighty-four programs (48%) responded to the survey. This group represented a cross section of all programs as to location, size, and type of program. Of the 84 programs, 81 (96%) offered management training, while 54 programs (64%) offered a management course. Management training usually occurred in combination with other rotations, most frequently clinical pathology subspecialties. A dedicated management rotation was reported in 19 programs (23%). The most common method of instruction was apprenticeship/mentor followed by didactic lecture. A majority of programs used multiple instructional methods. The five most frequently covered topics were budgets, personnel issues, quality assurance, utilization, and instrument evaluation, but a wide variety of topics were included in management curricula surveyed. There was an emphasis on clinical laboratory administration. Nonpathologist instructors, such as medical technologists, hospital administrators, and business executives, were used for formal didactic exercises, while teaching by pathologists occurred predominantly by mentoring during clinical pathology rotations.