Percutaneous absorption and disposition studies of methotrexate in rabbits and rats.

The absorption and disposition of methotrexate (MTX) in the plasma, synovial fluid (SF), skin, and muscle tissue were studied following administration of a topical MTX gel in rabbits and rats. In rabbits, MTX concentrations in the plasma increased steadily toward the peak (5.9 +/- 2.8 ng mL-1) which appeared at approximately 2 h postdose and declined with the elimination half-life of 4.48 +/- 1.74 h. At 1 h after the topical dose, the MTX concentrations in the skin (49.0 +/- 19.8 micrograms g-1), muscle (12.7 +/- 3.3 ng g-1), and SF (19.2 +/- 10.1 ng g-1) underneath the dosed stifle joint were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the untreated stifle joint, indicating the potential therapeutic value of topical delivery of MTX for rheumatoid arthritis. A large fraction (approximately 59%) of MTX which was found in the skin at 1 h postdose was present in the stratum corneum, indicating its extensive binding capacity for MTX. The MTX concentrations in the muscle and SF of the dosed stifle joint at 1 h postdose were 1.8 and 2.6 times higher than those in the dosed elbow joint, respectively, reflecting the effect of dose site on the permeation of MTX. Using a new filter paper method, the amounts of SF obtained from the elbow and stifle joints of four rabbits were 26.3 +/- 8.3 and 48.8 +/- 5.2 mg, respectively. A significant enhancer effect of N,N-diethyl-n-toluamide (DEET) on the disposition of MTX in the stratum corneum of rabbit ear was observed (p < 0.05) by the tape-stripping method. In rats, the gel containing 4% DEET resulted in a twofold increase in the permeation of MTX into the muscle over the 4 h period postdose. A modified HPLC method with a linear calibration curve (r > 0.999) over the range of 2-50 ng mL-1. quantitation limit of 0.5 ng mL-1, and mean recovery of approximately 87% was used for the quantitation of MTX in the tissue and fluid samples.