Garn S M
Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0406, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Jul;97(7 Suppl):S54-7. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00731-1.
Given the extraordinary dietary and geographic diversity of Pleistocene hominids, there is no single "Paleolithic diet" or average pre-Holocene fat intake. Even the Neanderthals initially were scavengers, possibly becoming seasonal hunters of large game at a later period. Fat intakes of greater than 20 g/day (11% of total caloric intake) developed after the domestication of mammals and then by selective breeding of genetically fatter animals in suitably temperate climates. By the late 1940s, the percent of fat in the diet rose to more than 40% in many Western countries (including France), decreasing somewhat to about 35% by the late 1980s in the United States, following reduced consumption of whole milk, fried meats, and other high-fat foods. Overall, fat reductions to less than 30% may be facilitated by no-fat or low-fat substitutes or texturizers or (perhaps more effectively) by increased intakes of fiber and calcium and greater reliance on fats that are poorly absorbed because of their stearate content.
考虑到更新世人类在饮食和地理上的非凡多样性，不存在单一的“旧石器时代饮食”或全新世前的平均脂肪摄入量。就连尼安德特人最初也是食腐动物，可能在后来才成为大型猎物的季节性猎手。每日脂肪摄入量超过20克（占总热量摄入的11%）是在哺乳动物驯化之后出现的，随后是在适宜温带气候中对脂肪含量更高的动物进行选择性育种。到20世纪40年代末，许多西方国家（包括法国）饮食中的脂肪比例升至40%以上，随着全脂牛奶、油炸肉类和其他高脂肪食物的消费量减少，到20世纪80年代末美国这一比例有所下降，降至约35%。总体而言，通过无脂或低脂替代品或增稠剂（或者可能更有效地）通过增加纤维和钙的摄入量以及更多地依赖因硬脂酸含量而吸收不良的脂肪，可能有助于将脂肪摄入量降至30%以下。
