Sensation of breathlessness and respiratory oxygen cost during cycle exercise with and without conscious entrainment of the breathing rhythm.

The conscious entrainment of respiratory rhythm to exercise rhythm (ENT) has been hypothesized to alleviate breathing discomfort and reduce the oxygen (O2) cost of ventilation with a resulting decrease in total O2 uptake (VO2) during rhythmic exercise. This hypothesis has been tested in the study reported here. Eight female subjects performed cycle exercise at 50 rpm under two work load conditions of 40% and 60% of maximal VO2. During a 30-min exercise period at each work load, each subject was asked to breathe under two conditions for 15 min each: (1) spontaneously (non-ENT run), and (2) deliberately entraining the breathing rhythm to the cycling rhythm at preferred coupling ratios of the two rhythms (ENT run). In the ENT run, most subjects chose a ratio of 1:2. In each run, pulmonary ventilation (VE), total VO2 and the breathlessness sensation (BS) were measured at 4-5 min. BS was assessed according to a Borg category scale. The remaining 10 min of each 15-min run were allotted for measurement of the O2 cost of ventilation (delta VO2/delta VE), assessed by a hypercapnia-induced hyperventilation method in which the VO2 of the respiratory muscles (VO2RM) was calculated by multiplying delta VO2/delta VE by the prevailing VE. On average, there were no significant differences in any of the variables, VO2, delta VO2/delta VE, VO2RM and BS, between the non-ENT and ENT runs performed at any work load. However, there were wide variations among the subjects in the differences (delta) between the two runs, and significant correlations were found between delta VO2 vs delta VE, delta VO2 vs delta VO2RM, and delta BS vs delta VO2RM of individual subjects. These results indicate that reductions of the total VO2 and BS with ENT could occur in subjects in whom the VO2RM decreased during ENT.