[Medium-term results of non-invasive follow-up after cardiac transplantation in childhood and in adolescence].

Between December 1984 and September 1996, 43 cardiac transplantations were carried out in 40 patients aged 2 days to 21 years (one third under 10 years of age) for cardiomyopathy (21 cases), congenital heart disease (19 cases) or retransplantation (3 cases). The average waiting time for transplantation was 80 days: this delay increased by a factor of five in 2 years (from 1 month, before 1994, to 5 months at present). Twelve patients dies, including 6 before the 8th day. The 28 survivors were prescribed triple immunosuppressive therapy: the average follow-up was 4.4 years (range 3 months to 11 years). Monitoring rejection was carried out by non-invasive methods based on clinical, electrocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic observations. Any suspicion of acute rejection led to endomyocardial biopsy for confirmation and therapeutic guidance. There was a total of 47 episodes of acute rejection (0.3 per patient), mainly in the first 3 months: acute rejection was less common in the younger children. Graft function was normal in 71% of cases. Five children have a pacemaker implanted during the first month. Despite continuous steroid therapy, 82% of patients had normal staturo-ponderal growth. The myocardial mass of the graft increased in parallel with the body surface area. Nephrotoxicity of ciclosparine was responsible for significant renal failure in 19% of patient and seemed more common in the young children. Psychological disturbances were commonest in adolescence and could result in poor treatment compliance (4 cases, with 1 death and 2 retransplantations). Despite satisfactory medium-term results, nephrotoxicity of ciclosporine, long-term graft function and psychological difficulties of adolescents remain unresolved so that transplantation is reserved for terminal cardiac disease resistant to all other forms of treatment.