Hom CL, Jaeger RG, Willits NH
Department of Mathematics, University of California at Davis
Anim Behav. 1997 Sep;54(3):715-24. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1997.0477.
Social interactions in red-backed salamanders, Plethodon cinereusare complex and often depend upon the sex and reproductive status of individuals. In the population at Mountain Lake Biological Station, Virginia, adult males outnumber sexually active (gravid) females by approximately 2:1, because males court annually while females accept mates only biennially. Field observations of male P. cinereus suggest that males maintain feeding territories and allow non-gravid (not sexually active) females access to their territories for foraging, whereas they defend their territories against intrusion by males. We used a game-theoretic analysis of models of male fitness to examine conditions that would favour the evolution of this 'permissive' behaviour. Under a series of increasingly realistic behavioural assumptions, we found that the critical factor in the evolution of male permissive behaviour is female preference for permissive males. If non-gravid females are more likely to return to mate with a male that allows access to his territory, then permissive behaviour is likely to evolve. Furthermore, the evolution of permissive behaviour is facilitated when energetic losses due to territorial defence exceed those due to allowing females to forage.1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
红背蝾螈（Plethodon cinereus）的社会互动很复杂，并且常常取决于个体的性别和繁殖状态。在弗吉尼亚州山湖生物站的种群中，成年雄性数量比性活跃（怀孕）雌性数量约多2:1，因为雄性每年求偶，而雌性每两年才接受配偶一次。对雄性红背蝾螈的野外观察表明，雄性会维护觅食领地，并允许未怀孕（无性活跃状态）的雌性进入其领地觅食，而它们会防御其他雄性侵入自己的领地。我们对雄性适合度模型进行了博弈论分析，以研究有利于这种“宽容”行为进化的条件。在一系列越来越现实的行为假设下，我们发现雄性宽容行为进化的关键因素是雌性对宽容雄性的偏好。如果未怀孕的雌性更有可能回到允许其进入领地的雄性处与之交配，那么宽容行为就有可能进化。此外，当因领地防御而造成的能量损失超过允许雌性觅食所造成的能量损失时，宽容行为的进化就会得到促进。1997年动物行为研究协会
