Herndon J G, Moss M B, Rosene D L, Killiany R J
Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Behav Brain Res. 1997 Aug;87(1):25-34. doi: 10.1016/s0166-4328(96)02256-5.
Although cognitive decline has been well established as a consequence of aging in non-human primate models, the prevalence or frequency of impairment for specific age ranges has not been described. The first aim of this study was to estimate prevalence of cognitive impairment on each of the six tests of cognitive performance by comparing the performance of early-aged (19-23 years old), advanced-aged (24-28 years old), and oldest-aged (29+ years old) monkeys to that of young adults (< 15 years old). The second aim was to derive a single overall measure of cognitive performance to help classify behavioral function in our aged monkeys. Accordingly, we obtained performance measures for these age groups on six behavioral measures: (1) acquisition of the delayed non-matching-to-sample task (DNMS); (2) performance of the DNMS with a delay of 120 sec; (3) the spatial condition of the delayed recognition span test (DRST); (4) the color condition of the DRST; (5) spatial reversal learning; and (6) object reversal learning. Early-aged monkeys displayed prevalence rates of impairment significantly greater than zero on all tasks except the DRST-color. The highest prevalence of impairment was observed in this age group in a task measuring spatial memory (DRST). Significant trends toward progressively higher impairment rates in advanced-aged and oldest-aged monkeys were observed for DNMS-acquisition, DRST-color and spatial reversal learning tasks. A linear transformation of standardized scores on the six cognitive tests was derived by means of principal components analysis (PCA). The first PCA (PCA1) included data from 30 monkeys with available data on all six measures, and yielded a composite measure which declined linearly with increasing age (r = -0.74). A second PCA (PCA2) was performed on data from 53 monkeys for which three test scores (DNMS-acquisition, DNMS-120s delay, and DRST-spatial condition) were available. The composite score derived from this analysis was highly correlated (r = 0.93) with the composite score from PCA1, suggesting that a score based on only three tests may provide an adequate classification of global cognitive ability.
虽然在非人类灵长类动物模型中，认知衰退已被充分确认为衰老的结果，但特定年龄范围的损伤患病率或频率尚未得到描述。本研究的首要目的是通过比较幼年（19 - 23岁）、老年（24 - 28岁）和高龄（29岁及以上）猴子与年轻成年猴（< 15岁）在六项认知表现测试中的表现，来估计认知障碍在每项测试中的患病率。第二个目的是得出一个单一的整体认知表现指标，以帮助对我们老年猴子的行为功能进行分类。因此，我们获取了这些年龄组在六项行为指标上的表现数据：（1）延迟非匹配样本任务（DNMS）的习得；（2）延迟120秒的DNMS表现；（3）延迟识别跨度测试（DRST）的空间条件；（4）DRST的颜色条件；（5）空间逆向学习；以及（6）物体逆向学习。除了DRST - 颜色任务外，幼年猴子在所有任务中的损伤患病率均显著高于零。在测量空间记忆的任务（DRST）中，该年龄组的损伤患病率最高。在DNMS习得、DRST - 颜色和空间逆向学习任务中，观察到老年和高龄猴子的损伤率有逐渐升高的显著趋势。通过主成分分析（PCA）得出了六项认知测试标准化分数的线性变换。第一个主成分分析（PCA1）纳入了30只猴子的数据，这些猴子在所有六项指标上均有可用数据，并得出了一个综合指标，该指标随年龄增长呈线性下降（r = -0.74）。对53只猴子的数据进行了第二个主成分分析（PCA2），这些猴子有三项测试分数（DNMS习得、DNMS - 120秒延迟和DRST - 空间条件）可用。该分析得出的综合分数与PCA1的综合分数高度相关（r = 0.93），这表明仅基于三项测试得出的分数可能足以对整体认知能力进行分类。
