Waldhausen J A
Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033, USA.
Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Nov;64(5):1533-9. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)01032-1.
The history of cardiovascular surgery before the development of open heart techniques is presented. Emphasis is placed on the creativeness and boldness of the visionary pioneers whose skills and determination led to the modern era of the routine surgical treatment of heart disease.
本文介绍了心脏直视手术技术发展之前的心血管外科手术史。重点强调了有远见的先驱者们的创造力和勇气,他们的技术和决心引领了心脏病常规外科治疗的现代 era。 (注:era 这个词在原文语境中可能有特定含义,这里按字面翻译为“时代”,但感觉放在这里不太通顺,你可检查下原文是否准确。)