Tas J W, Balk F, Ford R A, van de Plassche E J
National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 1997 Dec;35(12):2973-3002. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00261-0.
An environmental risk assessment has been carried out for musk ketone and musk xylene according to the EU Technical Guidance Document for Environmental Risk Assessment for New and Existing Substances [1]. Musk ketone and musk xylene are used in fragrances for cosmetics and household products. For the fragrance industry these are important fragrance ingredients because of their excellent substantivity as well as for their unique smell, which determines largely the odor of a product. The initial environmental risk assessment is based on information provided by the fragrance industry as represented in the Netherlands by its association NEA, by the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) and data reported in the international open literature. The risk assessment includes and evaluation of the risks for aquatic organisms in surface water and sediment and for soil organisms in soil after application of sewage sludge. Secondary poisoning of fish-eating birds and mammals is considered as well. For each compartment the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) is compared to the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) to obtain PEC/PNEC ratios. Since monitoring data are available in water, sediment and fish, similar ratios are obtained with measured concentrations instead of the predicted ones. For both substances, PEC/PNEC ratios are at or below 0.1 for organisms in the aquatic environment, including sediment organisms. PEC/PNEC ratios for fish-eating predators are 0.01. Ratios based on monitoring data are below 0.01 for all of these organisms. For soil organisms the PEC/PNEC ratio is 0.5 for musk ketone and 1.3 for musk xylene. Although in the Netherlands (as well as in some other European countries), sewage sludge presently finds no application as fertilizer on agricultural soil, the aim of environmental policy is to upgrade the sludge quality to enable future applications on agricultural and grassland. The reliability of the predicted soil concentrations can be greatly improved by obtaining experimental data on fate and behaviour of musk ketone and musk xylene in digested sludge and soil. The risk assessment provides reassurance for the aquatic compartment while pointing the way for obtaining additional data for the soil compartment.
已根据欧盟新物质和现有物质环境风险评估技术指南[1]对酮麝香和二甲苯麝香进行了环境风险评估。酮麝香和二甲苯麝香用于化妆品和家用产品的香料中。对于香料行业而言，它们是重要的香料成分，因为它们具有出色的持久性以及独特的气味，这在很大程度上决定了产品的气味。初步环境风险评估基于香料行业提供的信息，这些信息由荷兰的香料协会NEA、香料原料研究所（RIFM）以及国际公开文献中报道的数据所代表。风险评估包括对地表水和沉积物中的水生生物以及施用污水污泥后土壤中的土壤生物的风险评估和评价。还考虑了以鱼为食的鸟类和哺乳动物的二次中毒情况。对于每个环境介质，将预测环境浓度（PEC）与预测无效应浓度（PNEC）进行比较，以获得PEC/PNEC比率。由于在水、沉积物和鱼类中可获得监测数据，因此使用实测浓度而非预测浓度可获得类似的比率。对于这两种物质，水生环境中的生物（包括沉积物生物）的PEC/PNEC比率等于或低于0.1。以鱼为食的食肉动物的PEC/PNEC比率为0.01。基于监测数据的所有这些生物的比率均低于0.01。对于土壤生物，酮麝香的PEC/PNEC比率为0.5，二甲苯麝香的比率为1.3。尽管在荷兰（以及其他一些欧洲国家），目前污水污泥未作为肥料施用于农业土壤，但环境政策的目标是提高污泥质量，以便将来能够用于农业和草地。通过获取酮麝香和二甲苯麝香在消化污泥和土壤中的归宿和行为的实验数据，可以大大提高预测土壤浓度的可靠性。该风险评估为水介质提供了保证，同时为获取土壤介质的更多数据指明了方向。
