Perceived gender bias in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

More women than men die of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and data in the literature point to the existence of gender differences pertaining to CVD. These differences may result in gender bias. Data support the existence of gender bias in referral for testing procedures and the treatment of possible CVD; in addition, research on pharmacologic agents and instruments for assessment of CVD show gender bias. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the extent of gender bias in the recognition, evaluation, and treatment of CVD in women. Social forces are considered, and implications for future research, patient education, diagnostic testing, methodology, and effective attitude management are delineated.