Leckman J F, Peterson B S, Pauls D L, Cohen D J
Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1997 Dec;20(4):839-61. doi: 10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70348-8.
The picture that emerges is one of complex behavioral phenotypes that alter over the course of CNS development. While many cases are mild and may not come to medical attention, others are chronic and disabling. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of recent progress in understanding phenomenology, epidemiology, genetics, neurobiology, and treatment of tic disorders.
呈现出的情况是,复杂的行为表型在中枢神经系统发育过程中会发生变化。虽然许多病例症状较轻,可能未引起医疗关注,但其他病例则是慢性且致残的。本文旨在概述在理解抽动障碍的现象学、流行病学、遗传学、神经生物学和治疗方面的最新进展。