Whitfield J B
Entomology Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
Annu Rev Entomol. 1998;43:129-51. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.129.
Recent studies of hymenopteran phylogeny using both comparative morphology and DNA sequence data have greatly enhanced our understanding of the evolution of that order. Resulting phylogenetic hypotheses make possible more rigorous investigations of the evolution of various biological life-styles, among them the parasitoid habit. This paper reviews the current findings from higher-taxon phylogenetic analyses of the order. A "consensus" phylogeny derived from these findings is used to trace the most likely evolutionary pathways leading to the current diversity of parasitoid habits. Taxa and biological phenomena for which our current understanding is fragmentary are highlighted. Based on current evidence, it appears that parasitism arose, from mycophagous ancestors, a single time within the order. Many subsequent elaborations of the parasitic mode of life (e.g. endoparasitism, secondary phytophagy, etc) apparently evolved independently more than once.
最近利用比较形态学和DNA序列数据对膜翅目系统发育进行的研究，极大地增进了我们对该目进化的理解。由此产生的系统发育假说使得对各种生物生活方式的进化进行更严格的研究成为可能，其中包括寄生习性。本文综述了该目高级分类群系统发育分析的当前研究结果。从这些研究结果中得出的“共识”系统发育用于追溯导致当前寄生习性多样性的最可能进化途径。强调了我们目前理解尚不完整的分类群和生物现象。根据目前的证据，寄生似乎是在该目内从食菌祖先中单次出现的。寄生生活方式的许多后续演变（例如内寄生、次生植食性等）显然不止一次独立进化。
