Using a large panel of MoAbs in quantitative morphometric analysis of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections, we compared the frequency and distribution of immune cells in palatine tonsils from patients with recurrent tonsillitis (RT) and patients with idiopathic tonsillar hypertrophy (ITH). We found that differences between the two patient groups in leucocyte populations were limited to the surface epithelium, whereas the cellular composition of interfollicular and follicular areas was similar. Most intraepithelial lymphocytes were CD8+ T cells in both groups. However, the number of intraepithelial T cells was significantly higher in RT compared with ITH. This was due to a selective increase in the number of intraepithelial CD8+ gammadelta T cells utilizing Vdelta1 and Vgamma9. In both patient groups the majority of the intraepithelial gammadelta T cells expressed Vdelta1 and Vgamma9. Subepithelially, gammadelta T cells utilizing Vgamma9 dominated over cells utilizing Vgamma8, while equal proportions expressed Vdelta1 and Vdelta2. These results suggest that cells utilizing the otherwise rare combination Vdelta1/Vgamma9 in their T cell receptors (TCR) may constitute a major gammadelta T cell population in palatine tonsils and are probably reactive to antigens specific to the tonsillar milieu. Furthermore, they indicate that preferentially this gammadelta T cell subpopulation is involved in immune reactions within the surface epithelium in RT. We speculate that gammadelta T cells are involved in clearing infectious bacteria at the tonsillar surface and in limiting inflammatory responses in the tonsils. Both local expansion and infiltration of blood cells probably contribute to the high numbers of gammadelta T cells in RT patients.