Marcotte H, Lavoie M C
Département de Microbiologie-Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Mar;62(1):71-109. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.62.1.71-109.1998.
In the oral cavity, indigenous bacteria are often associated with two major oral diseases, caries and periodontal diseases. These diseases seem to appear following an imbalance in the oral resident microbiota, leading to the emergence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. To define the process involved in caries and periodontal diseases, it is necessary to understand the ecology of the oral cavity and to identify the factors responsible for the transition of the oral microbiota from a commensal to a pathogenic relationship with the host. The regulatory forces influencing the oral ecosystem can be divided into three major categories: host related, microbe related, and external factors. Among host factors, secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) constitutes the main specific immune defense mechanism in saliva and may play an important role in the homeostasis of the oral microbiota. Naturally occurring SIgA antibodies that are reactive against a variety of indigenous bacteria are detectable in saliva. These antibodies may control the oral microbiota by reducing the adherence of bacteria to the oral mucosa and teeth. It is thought that protection against bacterial etiologic agents of caries and periodontal diseases could be conferred by the induction of SIgA antibodies via the stimulation of the mucosal immune system. However, elucidation of the role of the SIgA immune system in controlling the oral indigenous microbiota is a prerequisite for the development of effective vaccines against these diseases. The role of SIgA antibodies in the acquisition and the regulation of the indigenous microbiota is still controversial. Our review discusses the importance of SIgA among the multiple factors that control the oral microbiota. It describes the oral ecosystems, the principal factors that may control the oral microbiota, a basic knowledge of the secretory immune system, the biological functions of SIgA, and, finally, experiments related to the role of SIgA in oral microbial ecology.
在口腔中，本土细菌常与两种主要的口腔疾病——龋齿和牙周疾病相关联。这些疾病似乎是在口腔常驻微生物群失衡后出现的，导致潜在致病菌的出现。为了明确龋齿和牙周疾病所涉及的过程，有必要了解口腔生态，并确定导致口腔微生物群从与宿主共生关系转变为致病关系的因素。影响口腔生态系统的调节力量可分为三大类：宿主相关因素、微生物相关因素和外部因素。在宿主因素中，分泌型免疫球蛋白A（SIgA）是唾液中的主要特异性免疫防御机制，可能在口腔微生物群的稳态中发挥重要作用。在唾液中可检测到针对多种本土细菌具有反应性的天然存在的SIgA抗体。这些抗体可能通过减少细菌对口腔黏膜和牙齿的黏附来控制口腔微生物群。人们认为，通过刺激黏膜免疫系统诱导SIgA抗体可以预防龋齿和牙周疾病的细菌病原体。然而，阐明SIgA免疫系统在控制口腔本土微生物群中的作用是开发针对这些疾病的有效疫苗的先决条件。SIgA抗体在获取和调节本土微生物群中的作用仍存在争议。我们的综述讨论了SIgA在控制口腔微生物群的多种因素中的重要性。它描述了口腔生态系统、可能控制口腔微生物群的主要因素、分泌免疫系统的基础知识、SIgA的生物学功能，以及最后与SIgA在口腔微生物生态学中的作用相关的实验。
