Cooling J, Blundell J
Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Mar;52(3):193-201. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600539.
To characterise the appetite control in habitual high fat (HF) and low fat (LF) phenotypes.
Four treatment conditions for each subject group in a fully repeated 2 x 2 x 2 measures design.
The Human Appetite Research Unit at Leeds University, Psychology Department.
Eight lean HF (mean % fat intake-46.7% daily energy) and eight lean LF (mean % fat intake - 29.9% daily energy) were recruited from the staff/student population of Leeds University.
All subjects were provided with either a low (2129 kJ) or high (3801 kJ) energy meal at midday and the capacity for compensation was later measured by nutrient challenge (ad libitum consumption of either high fat or high CHO foods). Satiation and satiety were assessed by changes in energy and nutrient intakes, hunger, fullness and food preferences.
The energy and nutrient manipulations gave rise to different levels in the rated intensity of hunger between HF and LF (P < 0.01). HF rated their baseline hunger at a higher level than LF, and the nutrient induced changes in hunger had a much greater amplitude. HF consumed significantly more energy from the high fat meals than from the high CHO meals (P < 0.05); this effect was not observed in LF. HF ate more energy and a greater weight of the high fat foods but less energy and smaller weight of the high CHO foods than did the LF. HF rated the high fat and high CHO foods equally satisfying, tasty and filling, whereas LF indicated a preference for high CHO foods (P < 0.05).
The appetite control in habitual high and low fat consumers is different. HF 'passively overconsume' fat whereas this effect is weak in LF. The HF ate a constant weight of food whereas LF ate a more constant level of energy. HF could not distinguish between high and low fat foods suggesting that they were intrinsically insensitive or 'taste adapted' whereas LF were fat sensitive. The clear differences disclosed in response to signals generated by the characteristics of ingested food (weight, energy, nutrient composition, taste) suggest that habitual high and low fat consumers can be regarded as distinct behavioural phenotypes. The different styles of appetite control could arise from: (a) intrinsic physiological differences, or (b) a system which is adapted to deal with a particular type of diet.
描述习惯性高脂肪（HF）和低脂肪（LF）表型的食欲控制情况。
在完全重复的2×2×2测量设计中，每个受试者组有四种治疗条件。
利兹大学心理学系人类食欲研究室。
从利兹大学的教职员工/学生群体中招募了8名瘦型HF（平均每日脂肪摄入量占能量的46.7%）和8名瘦型LF（平均每日脂肪摄入量占能量的29.9%）。
所有受试者在中午均被给予低能量（2129千焦）或高能量（3801千焦）餐食，随后通过营养挑战（随意食用高脂肪或高碳水化合物食物）来测量补偿能力。通过能量和营养摄入量、饥饿感、饱腹感和食物偏好的变化来评估饱腹感和饱足感。
能量和营养操作导致HF和LF之间饥饿感的评分强度水平不同（P<0.01）。HF将其基线饥饿感评为高于LF，并且营养诱导的饥饿感变化幅度更大。HF从高脂肪餐食中摄入的能量显著多于高碳水化合物餐食（P<0.05）；在LF中未观察到这种效应。与LF相比，HF摄入了更多能量和更大重量的高脂肪食物，但摄入的能量和重量较小的高碳水化合物食物。HF对高脂肪和高碳水化合物食物的满意度、美味度和饱腹感评分相同，而LF表示更喜欢高碳水化合物食物（P<0.05）。
习惯性高脂肪和低脂肪消费者的食欲控制不同。HF“被动过度摄入”脂肪，而这种效应在LF中较弱。HF摄入的食物重量恒定，而LF摄入的能量水平更恒定。HF无法区分高脂肪和低脂肪食物，表明它们本质上不敏感或“口味适应”，而LF对脂肪敏感。在对摄入食物的特征（重量、能量、营养成分、口味）产生的信号的反应中所揭示的明显差异表明，习惯性高脂肪和低脂肪消费者可被视为不同的行为表型。不同的食欲控制方式可能源于：（a）内在生理差异，或（b）一种适应于处理特定类型饮食的系统。
