Optical methods in renal research.

Light microscopy is a powerful experimental approach that allows the researcher to study the dynamics of cellular responses and subcellular organization. Recent advances in optics, detectors, computerized image processing, and the development of vital dyes promise to extend the utility of light microscopy. Quantitative approaches measuring intracellular pH, sodium or calcium are well known, but future developments may permit quantitative analysis of immunolabeled specimens. This review will describe the basic features of light microscopes and imaging techniques. Specific types of microscopy such as confocal microscopy, wide field microscopes, and epifluorescence microscopy will be considered. In addition, recent advances in cellular labeling techniques will be described. Post production image processing techniques and computerized deconvolution methods will be discussed, and lastly future developments in optics, improved sensitivity in detectors with enhanced signal-to-noise ratios will be explored. Wherever possible, specific applications that have been applied to renal physiology studies will be cited.